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:Slovak term: [[Slovenský termín]]
# Human excrete, with or without anal cleaning material, which are deposited in a bucket or other receptacle for manual removal (often taking place at night) (WHO 1992).
# Untreated excreta transported without water, e.g. via containers or buckets; often used as a popular term in an unspecific manner to designate faecal matter of any origin; its technical use is therefore not recommended (WHO 2006).

==Explanation==
Human excrete should be regarded as a natural resource to be conserved and reused under
careful control rather than being discarded. Excreta for reuse may be derived from
nightsoil, including that collected by municipal systems or private contractors, and the
nightsoil of individual households or groups of households and used on their own gardens
or farms.

Human excrete are a rich source of nitrogen and other nutrients necessary for plant
growth. The most common method of reuse is direct application to the soil as a fertilizer.
Nightsoil contains about 0.6% nitrogen, 0.2% phosphorus and 0.3% potassium, all of which
are valuable plant nutrients. The humus formed by decomposed faeces also contains trace
elements which reduce the susceptibility of plants to parasites and diseases. Humus
improves the soil structure, enhancing its water-retaining qualities and encouraging better
root structure of plants. Soil containing humus is less subject to erosion by wind and water
and is easier to cultivate.

For centuries, untreated nightsoil has been widely used as a fertilizer, although there is an
increasing awareness of the public health dangers involved. Pathogens of all kinds can
remain viable in the soil and on crops. Death of pathogens on crops is usually caused by
desiccation and direct sunlight, so pathogens are generally more persistent in humid cloudy
climates than in arid areas (WHO 1992).

==Example==
“Duckweed is also cultivated in small ponds fertilized directly with nightsoil from a latrine
in Bangladesh and is harvested for feeding to fish in nearby ponds. Cartage of nightsoil
(manually on foot or bicycle, by boat, or by vacuum truck), and to a lesser extent septage,
for use as a fish pond fertilizer is widespread in China and Vietnam.” (WHO 1992)

==References==
* WHO (1992) [http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/envsan/onsitesan/en/ A guide to the development of on-site sanitation]
* WHO (2006) [http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/wastewater/gsuww/en/index.html Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater]

==Links==
* [http://apps.who.int/thelexicon/ WHO — The Health and Environment Lexicon]

[[Category:EN]]

Nightsoil - História úprav

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